PersistentMap/PersistentOrderedMap/Readme.org

• PersistentMap
  • Features
  • When should I use this?
  • Quick Start
    • 1. Basic Immutable Usage
    • 2. Transient Mode (Bulk Mutations
    • 3. Range Queries and Iteration
    • 5. Set Operations
  • Benchmarks
    • Integer keys
• String keys

PersistentMap

A high-performance, persistent (Copy-on-Write) B+ Tree implemented in C#.

It is designed for zero-overhead reads, SIMD-accelerated key routing, and allocation-free range queries. It supports both fully immutable usage and "Transient" mode for high-throughput bulk mutations. The primary use case is for when editing operations are in bulk. Updating single elements many times will fail to distinguish this collection from other more mature collections. Bulk writes are very fast using transient interfaces, random reads are fastish depending on key type and entropy, Sequential reads and min/max queries are very fast.

Features

• Copy-on-Write Semantics: Thread-safe, immutable tree states. Modifying the tre yields a new version while sharing unmodified nodes.
• Transient Mode: Perform bulk mutations in-place with standard mutable performance, then freeze it into a PersistentMap in $O(1)$ time.
• SIMD Prefix Scanning: Uses AVX2/AVX512 to vectorize B+ tree routing and binary searches via long key-prefixes.
• Linear Time Set Operations: Sort-merge based Intersect, Except, and SymmetricExcept execute in $O(N+M)$ time using lazy evaluation.

When should I use this?

Never, probably. This was just a fun little project. If you want a really fast immutable sorted map you should consider it. Despite this map being faster than LanguageExt.HashMap for some key types, you should definitely use that if you don't need a sorted collection. It is well tested and does have a very nice API, and it also has a performance model that is easy to understand. If you look at the performance characteristics of it below, it scales much more linear with collection size. For example: I don't know why PersistentMap lookups suddenly becomes so much slower when we reach 100000 integer keys. There might be a gazillion things like that, that make PersistentMap much slower for real world usage.

The general version of this, using StandardStrategy<K> does not benefit from the prefix optimization, although might benefit from a usage of binary search in the future.

Quick Start

1. Basic Immutable Usage

By default, the map is immutable. Every write operation returns a new, updated version of the map.

// Create a map with a specific key strategy (e.g., Int, Unicode, Double)
var map1 = BaseOrderedMap<int, string, IntStrategy>.Create(new IntStrategy());

// Set returns a new tree instance. map1 remains empty.
var map2 = map1.Set(1, "Apple")
               .Set(2, "Banana")
               .Set(3, "Cherry");

if (map2.TryGetValue(2, out var value)) 
{
    Console.WriteLine(value); // "Banana"
}

2. Transient Mode (Bulk Mutations

If you need to insert thousands of elements, creating a new persistent tree on every insert is too slow. Use a TransientMap to mutate the tree in-place, then lock it into a persistent snapshot. This does not edit an existing map, but will make bulk operations a lot faster on nodes "owned" by the current map.

var transientMap = BaseOrderedMap<int, string, IntStrategy>.CreateTransient(new IntStrategy());

// Mutates in-place. No allocations for unchanged tree paths.
for (int i = 0; i < 10_000; i++)
{
    transientMap.Set(i, $"Value_{i}");
}

// O(1) freeze. Returns a thread-safe immutable PersistentMap.
var persistentSnapshot = transientMap.ToPersistent();

3. Range Queries and Iteration

Because it is a B+ tree range queries require zero allocations and simply walk the leaves.

var map = GetPopulatedMap();

// Iterate exact bounds
foreach (var kvp in map.Range(min: 10, max: 50))
{
    Console.WriteLine($"{kvp.Key}: {kvp.Value}");
}

// Open-ended queries
var greaterThan100 = map.From(100);
var lessThan50 = map.Until(50);
var allElements = map.AsEnumerable();
#+end_sr

*** 4. Tree Navigation
Find bounds and adjacent elements instantly. Missing keys will correctly resolve to the mathematical lower/upper bound.

#+begin_src csharp
// Get extremes
map.TryGetMin(out int minKey, out string minVal);
map.TryGetMax(out int maxKey, out string maxVal);

// Get the immediate next/previous element (works even if '42' doesn't exist)
if (map.TryGetSuccessor(42, out int nextKey, out string nextVal))
{
    Console.WriteLine($"The key immediately after 42 is {nextKey}");
}

if (map.TryGetPredecessor(42, out int prevKey, out string prevVal))
{
    Console.WriteLine($"The key immediately before 42 is {prevKey}");
}

5. Set Operations

Set operations take advantage of the tree's underlying sorted structure to merge trees in linear $O(N+M)$ time.

var mapA = CreateMap(1, 2, 3, 4);
var mapB = CreateMap(3, 4, 5, 6);

// Returns { 3, 4 }
var common = mapA.Intersect(mapB); 

// Returns { 1, 2 }
var onlyInA = mapA.Except(mapB); 

// Returns { 1, 2, 5, 6 }
var symmetricDiff = mapA.SymmetricExcept(mapB);

Benchmarks

These benchmarks tries a variety of operations. The Int benchmarks (the first ones) use avx for lookups. On a computer without avx this is bound to be slower. In benchmarks where there are many writes to the tree, the transient version is used, since this is the workload this datastructure is optimized for.

Build: builds a map of size N. I did not benchmark the builders used by the built in collections, but they are almost certainly at least as fast as the transients used by this library. For integers, the map was sorted (triggering a small optimization in PersistentMap). For the string benchmark it was random.

The retrieval benchmarks reads a subset of the keys in random order.

The update benchmarks updates a subset of the keys in random order.

The update and set benchmarks updates and sets keys in random order. Half of the keys are new.

The iteration benchmarks iterate from start to finish. The ordered collections are of course in order.

The removal benchmarks removes a subset of the keys in random order.

Integer keys

This is pretty much the best case scenario for everyone. Key comparisons are fast, hashing is minimal. For b+trees this means we can do a lot of key comparisons at once using avx. The machine this is done on is an amd 5900x, which supports some kind of bastardized avx512. It is not really a gain over avx256 in this benchmark though on that processor. With regards to building, the microsoft collections have builders, and they are about as fast as the TransientMap, but a little little slower on my computer. LanguageExt lacks transients, and thus these comparisons are not fair.

ImmDict is System.Collections.Immutable dictionary. ImmSortedDict is it's sorted sibling. ExtMap is the sorted map from LanguageExt. ExtHashMap is the unsorted HashMap from LanguageExt.

| Method                  | N      |             Mean |       Gen0 |      Gen1 |    Gen2 |   Allocated |
|-------------------------|--------|-----------------:|-----------:|----------:|--------:|------------:|
| Build_ImmDict           | 100    |     11,307.04 ns |     4.9744 |    0.0458 |       - |     41688 B |
| Build_ImmSortedDict     | 100    |      8,493.79 ns |     4.4250 |    0.0458 |       - |     37104 B |
| Build_ExtMap            | 100    |      8,519.63 ns |     5.3101 |    0.0458 |       - |     44432 B |
| Build_ExtHashMap        | 100    |      9,855.33 ns |     7.5378 |    0.0458 |       - |     63104 B |
| Build_PersistentMap     | 100    |      8,698.33 ns |    16.3879 |    0.1526 |       - |    137072 B |
| Build_TransientMap      | 100    |      1,665.90 ns |     0.6332 |    0.0038 |       - |      5304 B |
| Retrieve_ImmDict        | 100    |         39.19 ns |          - |         - |       - |           - |
| Retrieve_ImmSortedDict  | 100    |         64.32 ns |          - |         - |       - |           - |
| Retrieve_ExtMap         | 100    |        117.61 ns |          - |         - |       - |           - |
| Retrieve_ExtHashMap     | 100    |         84.19 ns |          - |         - |       - |           - |
| Retrieve_PersistentMap  | 100    |         47.25 ns |          - |         - |       - |           - |
| Update_ImmDict          | 100    |      1,145.75 ns |     0.4616 |    0.0019 |       - |      3872 B |
| Update_PersistentMap    | 100    |         1.107 μs |     1.9398 |    0.0248 |       - |    15.86 KB |
| Update_TransientMap     | 100    |        347.49 ns |     0.3576 |    0.0033 |       - |      2992 B |
| Update_ImmSortedDict    | 100    |        849.39 ns |     0.3958 |    0.0010 |       - |      3312 B |
| Update_ExtMap           | 100    |        642.50 ns |     0.3939 |    0.0010 |       - |      3296 B |
| Update_ExtHashMap       | 100    |        541.84 ns |     0.5283 |    0.0010 |       - |      4424 B |
| UpdateSet_ImmDict       | 100    |      1,236.82 ns |     0.5226 |    0.0019 |       - |      4376 B |
| UpdateSet_PersistentMap | 100    |          1189 ns |     1.9398 |    0.0248 |       - |    15.86 KB |
| UpdateSet_TransientMap  | 100    |        380.70 ns |     0.3576 |    0.0033 |       - |      2992 B |
| UpdateSet_ImmSortedDict | 100    |        887.07 ns |     0.4587 |    0.0010 |       - |      3840 B |
| UpdateSet_ExtMap        | 100    |        856.76 ns |     0.4797 |    0.0010 |       - |      4016 B |
| UpdateSet_ExtHashMap    | 100    |        582.31 ns |     0.5312 |    0.0019 |       - |      4448 B |
| Iterate_ImmDict         | 100    |      1,324.41 ns |          - |         - |       - |           - |
| Iterate_PersistentMap   | 100    |        175.98 ns |          - |         - |       - |           - |
| Iterate_ImmSortedDict   | 100    |        488.69 ns |          - |         - |       - |           - |
| Iterate_ExtMap          | 100    |        337.40 ns |     0.0038 |         - |       - |        32 B |
| Iterate_ExtHashMap      | 100    |      1,209.77 ns |     0.2518 |         - |       - |      2112 B |
| Remove_ImmDict          | 100    |        899.57 ns |     0.4425 |    0.0010 |       - |      3704 B |
| Remove_TransientMap     | 100    |        433.52 ns |     0.3290 |    0.0029 |       - |      2752 B |
| Remove_ImmSortedDict    | 100    |        728.77 ns |     0.3786 |    0.0010 |       - |      3168 B |
| Remove_ExtMap           | 100    |        653.72 ns |     0.3767 |    0.0010 |       - |      3152 B |
| Remove_ExtHashMap       | 100    |        589.03 ns |     0.5178 |         - |       - |      4336 B |
| Build_ImmDict           | 1000   |    168,692.47 ns |    71.5332 |    6.8359 |       - |    598712 B |
| Build_ImmSortedDict     | 1000   |    125,591.01 ns |    62.9883 |    5.1270 |       - |    526896 B |
| Build_ExtMap            | 1000   |    117,763.81 ns |    72.3877 |    6.1035 |       - |    605936 B |
| Build_ExtHashMap        | 1000   |     64,443.19 ns |    67.5049 |    1.5869 |       - |    564864 B |
| Build_PersistentMap     | 1000   |    133,156.05 ns |   192.1387 |    7.8125 |       - |   1607744 B |
| Build_TransientMap      | 1000   |     25,945.72 ns |     4.2725 |    0.1526 |       - |     35976 B |
| Retrieve_ImmDict        | 1000   |        686.48 ns |          - |         - |       - |           - |
| Retrieve_ImmSortedDict  | 1000   |      1,145.83 ns |          - |         - |       - |           - |
| Retrieve_ExtMap         | 1000   |      2,276.07 ns |          - |         - |       - |           - |
| Retrieve_ExtHashMap     | 1000   |        808.53 ns |          - |         - |       - |           - |
| Retrieve_PersistentMap  | 1000   |        680.50 ns |          - |         - |       - |           - |
| Update_ImmDict          | 1000   |     16,863.81 ns |     6.5613 |    0.2136 |       - |     54960 B |
| Update_PersistentMap    | 1000   |     13,617.12 ns |    19.4092 |    1.1597 |       - |   158.59 KB |
| Update_TransientMap     | 1000   |      3,611.03 ns |     2.5406 |    0.1564 |       - |     21280 B |
| Update_ImmSortedDict    | 1000   |     12,428.90 ns |     5.5542 |    0.1526 |       - |     46464 B |
| Update_ExtMap           | 1000   |     10,091.51 ns |     5.6000 |    0.1678 |       - |     46880 B |
| Update_ExtHashMap       | 1000   |      6,758.96 ns |     7.9575 |    0.2136 |       - |     66616 B |
| UpdateSet_ImmDict       | 1000   |     21,489.70 ns |     7.0496 |    0.1831 |       - |     59160 B |
| UpdateSet_PersistentMap | 1000   |     14,890.21 ns |    19.4855 |    1.0529 |       - |   159.23 KB |
| UpdateSet_TransientMap  | 1000   |      5,063.11 ns |     2.4796 |    0.1450 |       - |     20776 B |
| UpdateSet_ImmSortedDict | 1000   |     13,333.61 ns |     6.3782 |    0.1526 |       - |     53472 B |
| UpdateSet_ExtMap        | 1000   |     11,221.39 ns |     6.5918 |    0.1526 |       - |     55184 B |
| UpdateSet_ExtHashMap    | 1000   |     15,967.43 ns |    13.1836 |    0.4578 |       - |    110440 B |
| Iterate_ImmDict         | 1000   |     15,325.93 ns |          - |         - |       - |           - |
| Iterate_PersistentMap   | 1000   |      1,574.20 ns |          - |         - |       - |           - |
| Iterate_ImmSortedDict   | 1000   |      5,110.07 ns |          - |         - |       - |           - |
| Iterate_ExtMap          | 1000   |      3,432.88 ns |     0.0038 |         - |       - |        32 B |
| Iterate_ExtHashMap      | 1000   |      8,207.75 ns |     0.2441 |         - |       - |      2112 B |
| Remove_ImmDict          | 1000   |     15,205.95 ns |     6.4392 |    0.2136 |       - |     54064 B |
| Remove_TransientMap     | 1000   |      4,036.18 ns |     2.2507 |    0.1373 |       - |     18880 B |
| Remove_ImmSortedDict    | 1000   |     10,664.14 ns |     5.7068 |    0.1678 |       - |     47760 B |
| Remove_ExtMap           | 1000   |      9,993.90 ns |     5.5084 |    0.1526 |       - |     46160 B |
| Remove_ExtHashMap       | 1000   |      7,475.24 ns |     7.7209 |    0.1907 |       - |     64608 B |
| Build_ImmDict           | 10000  |  2,571,753.12 ns |    41.4063 |  390.6250 |       - |   7882552 B |
| Build_ImmSortedDict     | 10000  |  1,975,364.14 ns |   820.3125 |  296.8750 |       - |   6893616 B |
| Build_ExtMap            | 10000  |  1,866,221.83 ns |   917.9688 |  320.3125 |       - |   7692272 B |
| Build_ExtHashMap        | 10000  |  1,215,103.58 ns |  1009.7656 |  240.2344 |       - |   8446080 B |
| Build_PersistentMap     | 10000  |  1,930,457.96 ns |  2345.7031 |  494.1406 |       - |  19626728 B |
| Build_TransientMap      | 10000  |    640,413.08 ns |    41.0156 |    8.7891 |       - |    347344 B |
| Retrieve_ImmDict        | 10000  |     14,880.32 ns |          - |         - |       - |           - |
| Retrieve_ImmSortedDict  | 10000  |     15,595.68 ns |          - |         - |       - |           - |
| Retrieve_ExtMap         | 10000  |     36,225.60 ns |          - |         - |       - |           - |
| Retrieve_ExtHashMap     | 10000  |     11,987.70 ns |          - |         - |       - |           - |
| Retrieve_PersistentMap  | 10000  |     10,227.73 ns |          - |         - |       - |           - |
| Update_ImmDict          | 10000  |    318,905.00 ns |    86.9141 |   23.4375 |       - |    730200 B |
| Update_PersistentMap    | 10000  |    202,244.42 ns |   243.6523 |   73.2422 |       - |  1992.19 KB |
| Update_TransientMap     | 10000  |     73,203.50 ns |    24.9023 |    7.3242 |       - |    209056 B |
| Update_ImmSortedDict    | 10000  |    216,638.87 ns |    77.1484 |   16.1133 |       - |    645360 B |
| Update_ExtMap           | 10000  |    176,737.24 ns |    74.4629 |   17.5781 |       - |    623600 B |
| Update_ExtHashMap       | 10000  |    105,445.84 ns |    97.2900 |   17.3340 |       - |    814376 B |
| UpdateSet_ImmDict       | 10000  |    333,260.72 ns |    92.2852 |   19.0430 |       - |    775784 B |
| UpdateSet_PersistentMap | 10000  |    221,958.91 ns |   244.6289 |   71.2891 |       - |  1998.95 KB |
| UpdateSet_TransientMap  | 10000  |     93,484.07 ns |    24.9023 |    7.3242 |       - |    209072 B |
| UpdateSet_ImmSortedDict | 10000  |    224,214.31 ns |    83.2520 |   14.6484 |       - |    697920 B |
| UpdateSet_ExtMap        | 10000  |    186,761.55 ns |    83.7402 |   14.4043 |       - |    700880 B |
| UpdateSet_ExtHashMap    | 10000  |    112,371.27 ns |    97.7783 |   20.2637 |       - |    818240 B |
| Iterate_ImmDict         | 10000  |    152,686.50 ns |          - |         - |       - |           - |
| Iterate_PersistentMap   | 10000  |     14,841.56 ns |          - |         - |       - |           - |
| Iterate_ImmSortedDict   | 10000  |     53,372.05 ns |          - |         - |       - |           - |
| Iterate_ExtMap          | 10000  |     38,673.93 ns |          - |         - |       - |        32 B |
| Iterate_ExtHashMap      | 10000  |    111,676.15 ns |     8.0566 |         - |       - |     67648 B |
| Remove_ImmDict          | 10000  |    303,798.22 ns |    86.4258 |   19.5313 |       - |    726560 B |
| Remove_TransientMap     | 10000  |     58,890.93 ns |    22.0947 |    6.5308 |       - |    185056 B |
| Remove_ImmSortedDict    | 10000  |    219,974.63 ns |    77.8809 |   15.1367 |       - |    653184 B |
| Remove_ExtMap           | 10000  |    188,713.80 ns |    74.2188 |   14.4043 |       - |    621248 B |
| Remove_ExtHashMap       | 10000  |    120,113.97 ns |    95.9473 |   15.9912 |       - |    802944 B |
| Build_ImmDict           | 100000 | 38,394,437.95 ns | 11714.2857 | 1071.4286 | 71.4286 |  97460075 B |
| Build_ImmSortedDict     | 100000 | 30,860,676.12 ns | 10187.5000 |  906.2500 | 62.5000 |  84908636 B |
| Build_ExtMap            | 100000 | 28,415,796.22 ns | 11156.2500 |  937.5000 | 62.5000 |  92907004 B |
| Build_ExtHashMap        | 100000 | 29,149,824.12 ns | 15375.0000 | 2750.0000 | 62.5000 | 128198060 B |
| Build_PersistentMap     | 100000 | 24,745,757.59 ns | 27687.5000 |  375.0000 |       - | 231722008 B |
| Build_TransientMap      | 100000 |  9,137,195.74 ns |   406.2500 |  234.3750 |       - |   3460512 B |
| Retrieve_ImmDict        | 100000 |  1,259,618.31 ns |          - |         - |       - |           - |
| Retrieve_ImmSortedDict  | 100000 |    975,518.14 ns |          - |         - |       - |           - |
| Retrieve_ExtMap         | 100000 |  1,535,487.85 ns |          - |         - |       - |           - |
| Retrieve_ExtHashMap     | 100000 |    284,590.55 ns |          - |         - |       - |           - |
| Retrieve_PersistentMap  | 100000 |    429,001.27 ns |          - |         - |       - |           - |
| Update_ImmDict          | 100000 |  5,705,786.31 ns |  1093.7500 |  906.2500 |       - |   9183488 B |
| Update_PersistentMap    | 100000 |  4,056,612.12 ns |  2945.3125 | 2781.2500 | 15.6250 | 23984.39 KB |
| Update_TransientMap     | 100000 |  1,145,551.13 ns |   248.0469 |  199.2188 |       - |   2081568 B |
| Update_ImmSortedDict    | 100000 |  4,433,611.11 ns |   953.1250 |  796.8750 |       - |   8021136 B |
| Update_ExtMap           | 100000 |  3,901,065.86 ns |   937.5000 |  789.0625 |       - |   7848704 B |
| Update_ExtHashMap       | 100000 |  2,696,228.39 ns |  1289.0625 |  960.9375 |       - |  10805952 B |
| UpdateSet_ImmDict       | 100000 |  5,340,382.88 ns |  1109.3750 |  867.1875 |       - |   9318896 B |
| UpdateSet_PersistentMap | 100000 |  4,629,564.21 ns |  2984.3750 | 1906.2500 | 39.0625 | 24060.44 KB |
| UpdateSet_TransientMap  | 100000 |  1,332,859.76 ns |   250.0000 |  208.9844 |       - |   2099520 B |
| UpdateSet_ImmSortedDict | 100000 |  4,418,076.49 ns |  1000.0000 |  992.1875 |       - |   8396544 B |
| UpdateSet_ExtMap        | 100000 |  3,107,339.72 ns |   996.0938 |  507.8125 |       - |   8349248 B |
| UpdateSet_ExtHashMap    | 100000 |  2,630,473.81 ns |  1292.9688 |  976.5625 |       - |  10845480 B |
| Iterate_ImmDict         | 100000 |  1,550,040.28 ns |          - |         - |       - |           - |
| Iterate_PersistentMap   | 100000 |    149,743.16 ns |          - |         - |       - |           - |
| Iterate_ImmSortedDict   | 100000 |    723,978.27 ns |          - |         - |       - |           - |
| Iterate_ExtMap          | 100000 |    504,204.91 ns |          - |         - |       - |        32 B |
| Iterate_ExtHashMap      | 100000 |  1,936,574.10 ns |   257.8125 |         - |       - |   2164800 B |
| Remove_ImmDict          | 100000 |  5,419,879.00 ns |  1093.7500 |  914.0625 |       - |   9149160 B |
| Remove_TransientMap     | 100000 |    951,332.63 ns |   219.7266 |  155.2734 |       - |   1839264 B |
| Remove_ImmSortedDict    | 100000 |  4,203,794.51 ns |   953.1250 |  781.2500 |       - |   8028144 B |
| Remove_ExtMap           | 100000 |  3,896,109.04 ns |   929.6875 |  789.0625 |       - |   7824560 B |
| Remove_ExtHashMap       | 100000 |  2,816,957.99 ns |  1277.3438 |  914.0625 |       - |  10709360 B |

String keys

These benchmarks act like above, but do not insert keys in a specific order. Sorting them before will yield a speed boost. One uses the standardkeystrategy (does a binary search) and one uses the unicodstrategy which encodes the first 8 bytes as a long and uses avx to search for keys.

#+begin_src

```

Method	N	StringLength	Mean	Gen0	Gen1	Gen2	Allocated
Build_TransientMap_Standard	100	8	5,170.76 ns	0.7401	0.0076	-	6200 B
Build_TransientMap_Unicode	100	8	12,251.17 ns	0.8850	0.0153	-	7528 B
Build_ImmDict	100	8	13,926.78 ns	5.3253	0.0610	-	44640 B
Build_ImmSortedDict	100	8	21,789.13 ns	4.2114	0.0305	-	35472 B
Build_ExtMap	100	8	22,791.98 ns	5.6152	0.0610	-	47104 B
Build_ExtHashMap	100	8	9,993.13 ns	4.0894	0.0305	-	34216 B
Retrieve_ImmDict	100	8	78.83 ns	-	-	-	-
Retrieve_PersistentMap_Standard	100	8	105.97 ns	-	-	-	-
Retrieve_PersistentMap_Unicode	100	8	149.07 ns	-	-	-	-
Retrieve_ImmSortedDict	100	8	1,203.47 ns	-	-	-	-
Retrieve_ExtMap	100	8	1,297.20 ns	-	-	-	-
Retrieve_ExtHashMap	100	8	189.50 ns	-	-	-	-
Update_ImmDict	100	8	1,343.93 ns	0.5207	0.0019	-	4368 B
Update_PersistentMap_Standard	100	8	1,593.27 ns	2.3994	0.0401	-	20080 B
Update_PersistentMap_Unicode	100	8	1,913.07 ns	2.7046	0.0496	-	22640 B
Update_TransientMap_Standard	100	8	520.49 ns	0.4339	0.0048	-	3632 B
Update_TransientMap_Unicode	100	8	690.74 ns	0.4644	0.0057	-	3888 B
Update_ImmSortedDict	100	8	1,748.06 ns	0.3662	-	-	3072 B
Update_ExtMap	100	8	1,793.32 ns	0.4120	-	-	3456 B
Update_ExtHashMap	100	8	754.97 ns	0.5264	0.0010	-	4408 B
UpdateSet_ImmDict	100	8	1,361.32 ns	0.5207	0.0019	-	4368 B
UpdateSet_PersistentMap_Standard	100	8	1,838.15 ns	2.3994	0.0420	-	20080 B
UpdateSet_PersistentMap_Unicode	100	8	2,427.91 ns	2.7046	0.0534	-	22640 B
UpdateSet_TransientMap_Standard	100	8	711.17 ns	0.4339	0.0048	-	3632 B
UpdateSet_TransientMap_Unicode	100	8	1,247.32 ns	0.4635	0.0057	-	3888 B
UpdateSet_ImmSortedDict	100	8	2,399.76 ns	0.4578	-	-	3840 B
UpdateSet_ExtMap	100	8	2,202.70 ns	0.4730	-	-	3960 B
UpdateSet_ExtHashMap	100	8	773.22 ns	0.5274	0.0019	-	4416 B
Iterate_ImmDict	100	8	1,335.18 ns	-	-	-	-
Iterate_PersistentMap_Standard	100	8	189.19 ns	-	-	-	-
Iterate_ImmSortedDict	100	8	485.69 ns	-	-	-	-
Iterate_ExtMap	100	8	327.67 ns	0.0038	-	-	32 B
Iterate_ExtHashMap	100	8	1,089.89 ns	0.2480	-	-	2088 B
Iterate_PersistentMap_Unicode	100	8	187.62 ns	-	-	-	-
Remove_ImmDict	100	8	1,272.43 ns	0.5131	-	-	4304 B
Remove_PersistentMap_Standard	100	8	1,969.67 ns	2.3689	0.0381	-	19840 B
Remove_PersistentMap_Unicode	100	8	2,487.99 ns	2.6779	0.0496	-	22400 B
Remove_TransientMap_Standard	100	8	836.95 ns	0.4101	0.0048	-	3432 B
Remove_TransientMap_Unicode	100	8	1,333.99 ns	0.4406	0.0057	-	3688 B
Remove_ImmSortedDict	100	8	1,946.19 ns	0.3777	-	-	3168 B
Remove_ExtMap	100	8	2,221.31 ns	0.5798	-	-	4856 B
Remove_ExtHashMap	100	8	770.43 ns	0.4721	0.0019	-	3952 B
Build_TransientMap_Standard	100	50	5,216.44 ns	0.7401	0.0076	-	6200 B
Build_TransientMap_Unicode	100	50	11,944.76 ns	0.8850	0.0153	-	7528 B
Build_ImmDict	100	50	15,771.58 ns	5.3101	0.0610	-	44576 B
Build_ImmSortedDict	100	50	22,171.62 ns	4.2114	0.0305	-	35232 B
Build_ExtMap	100	50	27,705.49 ns	5.6458	0.0610	-	47328 B
Build_ExtHashMap	100	50	15,207.38 ns	4.4861	0.0305	-	37672 B
Retrieve_ImmDict	100	50	286.21 ns	-	-	-	-
Retrieve_PersistentMap_Standard	100	50	103.79 ns	-	-	-	-
Retrieve_PersistentMap_Unicode	100	50	151.04 ns	-	-	-	-
Retrieve_ImmSortedDict	100	50	1,317.60 ns	-	-	-	-
Retrieve_ExtMap	100	50	1,162.96 ns	-	-	-	-
Retrieve_ExtHashMap	100	50	412.76 ns	-	-	-	-
Update_ImmDict	100	50	1,359.95 ns	0.4368	-	-	3664 B
Update_PersistentMap_Standard	100	50	1,583.22 ns	2.3994	0.0420	-	20080 B
Update_PersistentMap_Unicode	100	50	1,861.53 ns	2.7065	0.0515	-	22640 B
Update_TransientMap_Standard	100	50	543.81 ns	0.4339	0.0048	-	3632 B
Update_TransientMap_Unicode	100	50	633.60 ns	0.4644	0.0057	-	3888 B
Update_ImmSortedDict	100	50	1,986.02 ns	0.4120	-	-	3456 B
Update_ExtMap	100	50	1,892.16 ns	0.4253	-	-	3568 B
Update_ExtHashMap	100	50	1,088.83 ns	0.4997	-	-	4184 B
UpdateSet_ImmDict	100	50	1,799.24 ns	0.5817	0.0019	-	4880 B
UpdateSet_PersistentMap_Standard	100	50	1,847.71 ns	2.3994	0.0401	-	20080 B
UpdateSet_PersistentMap_Unicode	100	50	2,510.91 ns	2.7046	0.0496	-	22640 B
UpdateSet_TransientMap_Standard	100	50	754.14 ns	0.4339	0.0048	-	3632 B
UpdateSet_TransientMap_Unicode	100	50	1,274.76 ns	0.4635	0.0057	-	3888 B
UpdateSet_ImmSortedDict	100	50	2,463.36 ns	0.4730	-	-	3984 B
UpdateSet_ExtMap	100	50	2,364.62 ns	0.5913	-	-	4968 B
UpdateSet_ExtHashMap	100	50	1,026.26 ns	0.5074	-	-	4248 B
Iterate_ImmDict	100	50	1,223.85 ns	-	-	-	-
Iterate_PersistentMap_Standard	100	50	187.31 ns	-	-	-	-
Iterate_ImmSortedDict	100	50	484.33 ns	-	-	-	-
Iterate_ExtMap	100	50	358.22 ns	0.0038	-	-	32 B
Iterate_ExtHashMap	100	50	1,149.01 ns	0.2575	-	-	2160 B
Iterate_PersistentMap_Unicode	100	50	187.47 ns	-	-	-	-
Remove_ImmDict	100	50	1,589.38 ns	0.5283	0.0019	-	4432 B
Remove_PersistentMap_Standard	100	50	1,976.63 ns	2.3689	0.0381	-	19840 B
Remove_PersistentMap_Unicode	100	50	2,568.69 ns	2.6779	0.0458	-	22400 B
Remove_TransientMap_Standard	100	50	839.46 ns	0.4101	0.0048	-	3432 B
Remove_TransientMap_Unicode	100	50	1,399.50 ns	0.4406	0.0057	-	3688 B
Remove_ImmSortedDict	100	50	2,069.17 ns	0.3891	-	-	3264 B
Remove_ExtMap	100	50	2,124.59 ns	0.4387	-	-	3680 B
Remove_ExtHashMap	100	50	1,029.42 ns	0.5112	-	-	4288 B
Build_TransientMap_Standard	1000	8	102,292.92 ns	5.7373	0.3662	-	48592 B
Build_TransientMap_Unicode	1000	8	172,854.88 ns	7.3242	0.7324	-	62248 B
Build_ImmDict	1000	8	247,732.93 ns	79.1016	8.3008	-	662016 B
Build_ImmSortedDict	1000	8	429,391.31 ns	61.0352	4.8828	-	513312 B
Build_ExtMap	1000	8	416,823.27 ns	79.1016	7.3242	-	662448 B
Build_ExtHashMap	1000	8	154,417.86 ns	70.8008	4.6387	-	592920 B
Retrieve_ImmDict	1000	8	1,043.45 ns	-	-	-	-
Retrieve_PersistentMap_Standard	1000	8	1,783.56 ns	-	-	-	-
Retrieve_PersistentMap_Unicode	1000	8	2,026.44 ns	-	-	-	-
Retrieve_ImmSortedDict	1000	8	21,724.33 ns	-	-	-	-
Retrieve_ExtMap	1000	8	24,401.52 ns	-	-	-	-
Retrieve_ExtHashMap	1000	8	2,472.28 ns	-	-	-	-
Update_ImmDict	1000	8	19,547.84 ns	7.2937	0.2747	-	61024 B
Update_PersistentMap_Standard	1000	8	19,846.20 ns	23.9868	2.2278	-	200800 B
Update_PersistentMap_Unicode	1000	8	27,309.69 ns	27.0386	2.5330	-	226400 B
Update_TransientMap_Standard	1000	8	6,888.79 ns	4.3945	0.4501	-	36768 B
Update_TransientMap_Unicode	1000	8	7,801.38 ns	4.4250	0.4425	-	37024 B
Update_ImmSortedDict	1000	8	32,192.51 ns	5.7373	0.1221	-	48288 B
Update_ExtMap	1000	8	31,972.71 ns	6.4087	0.1831	-	53824 B
Update_ExtHashMap	1000	8	10,476.16 ns	7.2021	0.2289	-	60272 B
UpdateSet_ImmDict	1000	8	22,622.37 ns	8.2703	0.3967	-	69280 B
UpdateSet_PersistentMap_Standard	1000	8	22,274.40 ns	23.9868	2.3499	-	200800 B
UpdateSet_PersistentMap_Unicode	1000	8	32,897.61 ns	27.0386	2.6855	-	226400 B
UpdateSet_TransientMap_Standard	1000	8	8,218.75 ns	4.5624	0.4272	-	38176 B
UpdateSet_TransientMap_Unicode	1000	8	12,847.07 ns	4.5929	0.4883	-	38432 B
UpdateSet_ImmSortedDict	1000	8	37,683.95 ns	6.3477	0.2441	-	53232 B
UpdateSet_ExtMap	1000	8	38,195.16 ns	7.6904	0.3052	-	64576 B
UpdateSet_ExtHashMap	1000	8	14,327.00 ns	7.7057	0.2747	-	64480 B
Iterate_ImmDict	1000	8	12,971.77 ns	-	-	-	-
Iterate_PersistentMap_Standard	1000	8	1,615.06 ns	-	-	-	-
Iterate_ImmSortedDict	1000	8	4,905.20 ns	-	-	-	-
Iterate_ExtMap	1000	8	3,282.20 ns	0.0038	-	-	32 B
Iterate_ExtHashMap	1000	8	14,214.03 ns	2.6093	-	-	21888 B
Iterate_PersistentMap_Unicode	1000	8	1,644.30 ns	-	-	-	-
Remove_ImmDict	1000	8	19,504.24 ns	7.5989	0.3052	-	63648 B
Remove_PersistentMap_Standard	1000	8	24,227.34 ns	23.7122	2.0752	-	198400 B
Remove_PersistentMap_Unicode	1000	8	29,622.70 ns	26.7639	2.4414	-	224000 B
Remove_TransientMap_Standard	1000	8	9,476.68 ns	3.7689	0.3510	-	31592 B
Remove_TransientMap_Unicode	1000	8	14,237.22 ns	3.7994	0.3662	-	31848 B
Remove_ImmSortedDict	1000	8	33,197.78 ns	5.6763	0.1221	-	47616 B
Remove_ExtMap	1000	8	39,241.19 ns	6.8970	0.1831	-	57744 B
Remove_ExtHashMap	1000	8	11,374.77 ns	7.5378	0.2136	-	63056 B
Build_TransientMap_Standard	1000	50	104,538.75 ns	5.4932	0.3662	-	46784 B
Build_TransientMap_Unicode	1000	50	175,661.70 ns	7.0801	0.4883	-	59368 B
Build_ImmDict	1000	50	278,290.76 ns	79.5898	8.7891	-	669696 B
Build_ImmSortedDict	1000	50	417,827.13 ns	61.0352	5.3711	-	511344 B
Build_ExtMap	1000	50	409,994.29 ns	78.1250	7.3242	-	656288 B
Build_ExtHashMap	1000	50	181,354.06 ns	70.3125	4.6387	-	588328 B
Retrieve_ImmDict	1000	50	3,132.97 ns	-	-	-	-
Retrieve_PersistentMap_Standard	1000	50	1,794.95 ns	-	-	-	-
Retrieve_PersistentMap_Unicode	1000	50	2,065.82 ns	-	-	-	-
Retrieve_ImmSortedDict	1000	50	21,834.49 ns	-	-	-	-
Retrieve_ExtMap	1000	50	23,236.99 ns	-	-	-	-
Retrieve_ExtHashMap	1000	50	4,931.32 ns	-	-	-	-
Update_ImmDict	1000	50	22,234.72 ns	7.5073	0.3052	-	62816 B
Update_PersistentMap_Standard	1000	50	20,313.66 ns	23.9868	2.0142	-	200800 B
Update_PersistentMap_Unicode	1000	50	27,829.75 ns	27.0386	2.2888	-	226400 B
Update_TransientMap_Standard	1000	50	6,827.30 ns	4.0588	0.4044	-	33952 B
Update_TransientMap_Unicode	1000	50	7,654.44 ns	4.0894	0.3967	-	34208 B
Update_ImmSortedDict	1000	50	32,637.97 ns	5.6763	0.1221	-	47952 B
Update_ExtMap	1000	50	32,523.61 ns	6.5308	0.1831	-	54720 B
Update_ExtHashMap	1000	50	12,993.79 ns	7.2479	0.2441	-	60720 B
UpdateSet_ImmDict	1000	50	25,835.15 ns	8.3313	0.3967	-	69728 B
UpdateSet_PersistentMap_Standard	1000	50	22,970.95 ns	24.1089	2.2278	-	201704 B
UpdateSet_PersistentMap_Unicode	1000	50	34,226.66 ns	27.2217	2.6245	-	227840 B
UpdateSet_TransientMap_Standard	1000	50	7,701.61 ns	4.3335	0.4578	-	36264 B
UpdateSet_TransientMap_Unicode	1000	50	13,115.82 ns	4.4250	0.4578	-	37056 B
UpdateSet_ImmSortedDict	1000	50	37,636.40 ns	6.2866	0.1831	-	53088 B
UpdateSet_ExtMap	1000	50	38,985.88 ns	7.8735	0.3052	-	66200 B
UpdateSet_ExtHashMap	1000	50	17,008.89 ns	7.6294	0.2441	-	63936 B
Iterate_ImmDict	1000	50	13,396.48 ns	-	-	-	-
Iterate_PersistentMap_Standard	1000	50	1,626.01 ns	-	-	-	-
Iterate_ImmSortedDict	1000	50	4,912.18 ns	-	-	-	-
Iterate_ExtMap	1000	50	3,126.26 ns	0.0038	-	-	32 B
Iterate_ExtHashMap	1000	50	14,857.12 ns	2.7924	-	-	23472 B
Iterate_PersistentMap_Unicode	1000	50	1,654.97 ns	-	-	-	-
Remove_ImmDict	1000	50	22,385.84 ns	7.6904	0.3052	-	64352 B
Remove_PersistentMap_Standard	1000	50	25,269.13 ns	23.7122	1.9531	-	198400 B
Remove_PersistentMap_Unicode	1000	50	30,307.99 ns	26.7639	2.2583	-	224000 B
Remove_TransientMap_Standard	1000	50	9,482.18 ns	3.2654	0.2747	-	27368 B
Remove_TransientMap_Unicode	1000	50	13,754.52 ns	3.2959	0.2899	-	27624 B
Remove_ImmSortedDict	1000	50	32,695.64 ns	5.6763	0.1221	-	47664 B
Remove_ExtMap	1000	50	37,495.23 ns	6.9580	0.2441	-	58640 B
Remove_ExtHashMap	1000	50	14,713.28 ns	7.9193	0.2594	-	66264 B
Build_TransientMap_Standard	10000	8	1,680,964.28 ns	52.7344	15.6250	-	452352 B
Build_TransientMap_Unicode	10000	8	2,275,404.91 ns	66.4063	19.5313	-	576584 B
Build_ImmDict	10000	8	4,364,880.86 ns	1046.8750	507.8125	-	8766016 B
Build_ImmSortedDict	10000	8	6,551,472.85 ns	804.6875	281.2500	-	6767232 B
Build_ExtMap	10000	8	6,411,766.35 ns	1015.6250	437.5000	-	8542480 B
Build_ExtHashMap	10000	8	1,913,707.20 ns	945.3125	320.3125	-	7912992 B
Retrieve_ImmDict	10000	8	23,538.66 ns	-	-	-	-
Retrieve_PersistentMap_Standard	10000	8	44,522.29 ns	-	-	-	-
Retrieve_PersistentMap_Unicode	10000	8	33,878.51 ns	-	-	-	-
Retrieve_ImmSortedDict	10000	8	385,003.57 ns	-	-	-	-
Retrieve_ExtMap	10000	8	415,526.12 ns	-	-	-	-
Retrieve_ExtHashMap	10000	8	38,484.21 ns	-	-	-	-
Update_ImmDict	10000	8	395,683.89 ns	101.5625	26.3672	-	849792 B
Update_PersistentMap_Standard	10000	8	348,111.33 ns	304.6875	131.3477	-	2552000 B
Update_PersistentMap_Unicode	10000	8	415,082.82 ns	366.2109	160.1563	-	3064000 B
Update_TransientMap_Standard	10000	8	138,925.69 ns	40.5273	13.6719	-	339232 B
Update_TransientMap_Unicode	10000	8	155,075.00 ns	40.7715	16.6016	-	341792 B
Update_ImmSortedDict	10000	8	576,796.03 ns	76.1719	15.6250	-	640368 B
Update_ExtMap	10000	8	566,570.69 ns	87.8906	22.4609	-	735640 B
Update_ExtHashMap	10000	8	169,597.22 ns	103.0273	22.7051	-	862144 B
UpdateSet_ImmDict	10000	8	430,876.44 ns	108.3984	28.3203	-	907136 B
UpdateSet_PersistentMap_Standard	10000	8	390,932.56 ns	306.6406	136.7188	-	2566136 B
UpdateSet_PersistentMap_Unicode	10000	8	485,184.77 ns	368.6523	154.2969	-	3086432 B
UpdateSet_TransientMap_Standard	10000	8	183,267.74 ns	42.2363	16.3574	-	354776 B
UpdateSet_TransientMap_Unicode	10000	8	222,767.01 ns	43.7012	16.3574	-	365632 B
UpdateSet_ImmSortedDict	10000	8	648,381.31 ns	82.0313	19.5313	-	687648 B
UpdateSet_ExtMap	10000	8	637,483.97 ns	99.6094	25.3906	-	833752 B
UpdateSet_ExtHashMap	10000	8	189,210.57 ns	104.9805	23.6816	-	878600 B
Iterate_ImmDict	10000	8	176,031.53 ns	-	-	-	-
Iterate_PersistentMap_Standard	10000	8	17,218.51 ns	-	-	-	-
Iterate_ImmSortedDict	10000	8	56,553.28 ns	-	-	-	-
Iterate_ExtMap	10000	8	66,099.89 ns	-	-	-	32 B
Iterate_ExtHashMap	10000	8	175,854.49 ns	20.0195	-	-	168696 B
Iterate_PersistentMap_Unicode	10000	8	17,469.24 ns	-	-	-	-
Remove_ImmDict	10000	8	395,433.28 ns	102.5391	26.3672	-	858560 B
Remove_PersistentMap_Standard	10000	8	417,267.98 ns	302.2461	112.7930	-	2529408 B
Remove_PersistentMap_Unicode	10000	8	489,859.89 ns	363.2813	180.6641	-	3041408 B
Remove_TransientMap_Standard	10000	8	198,908.02 ns	37.8418	13.6719	-	316680 B
Remove_TransientMap_Unicode	10000	8	223,427.67 ns	38.0859	15.1367	-	319240 B
Remove_ImmSortedDict	10000	8	602,358.94 ns	77.1484	15.6250	-	652944 B
Remove_ExtMap	10000	8	614,493.62 ns	91.7969	20.5078	-	774000 B
Remove_ExtHashMap	10000	8	179,222.20 ns	104.0039	20.2637	-	870432 B
Build_TransientMap_Standard	10000	50	1,799,942.31 ns	52.7344	13.6719	-	446352 B
Build_TransientMap_Unicode	10000	50	2,336,360.10 ns	66.4063	23.4375	-	567112 B
Build_ImmDict	10000	50	4,618,106.24 ns	1046.8750	515.6250	-	8772288 B
Build_ImmSortedDict	10000	50	6,614,766.71 ns	804.6875	265.6250	-	6751584 B
Build_ExtMap	10000	50	6,524,244.50 ns	1015.6250	429.6875	-	8544720 B
Build_ExtHashMap	10000	50	2,195,902.51 ns	945.3125	312.5000	-	7921128 B
Retrieve_ImmDict	10000	50	53,644.62 ns	-	-	-	-
Retrieve_PersistentMap_Standard	10000	50	51,772.04 ns	-	-	-	-
Retrieve_PersistentMap_Unicode	10000	50	35,183.58 ns	-	-	-	-
Retrieve_ImmSortedDict	10000	50	384,954.19 ns	-	-	-	-
Retrieve_ExtMap	10000	50	419,295.20 ns	-	-	-	-
Retrieve_ExtHashMap	10000	50	68,364.13 ns	-	-	-	-
Update_ImmDict	10000	50	416,499.71 ns	100.5859	24.9023	-	842880 B
Update_PersistentMap_Standard	10000	50	352,007.58 ns	304.6875	131.3477	-	2552000 B
Update_PersistentMap_Unicode	10000	50	419,485.01 ns	366.2109	158.2031	-	3064000 B
Update_TransientMap_Standard	10000	50	145,767.49 ns	39.3066	13.6719	-	328832 B
Update_TransientMap_Unicode	10000	50	152,884.18 ns	39.5508	13.9160	-	331136 B
Update_ImmSortedDict	10000	50	581,461.95 ns	76.1719	14.6484	-	641616 B
Update_ExtMap	10000	50	562,336.86 ns	86.9141	20.5078	-	732896 B
Update_ExtHashMap	10000	50	189,986.29 ns	103.0273	22.2168	-	863280 B
UpdateSet_ImmDict	10000	50	457,611.78 ns	108.8867	30.7617	-	912128 B
UpdateSet_PersistentMap_Standard	10000	50	400,214.07 ns	306.6406	129.8828	-	2565560 B
UpdateSet_PersistentMap_Unicode	10000	50	497,552.64 ns	368.1641	152.3438	-	3085600 B
UpdateSet_TransientMap_Standard	10000	50	191,918.16 ns	41.0156	13.6719	-	343800 B
UpdateSet_TransientMap_Unicode	10000	50	222,651.45 ns	42.2363	15.8691	-	354144 B
UpdateSet_ImmSortedDict	10000	50	656,130.18 ns	82.0313	19.5313	-	691728 B
UpdateSet_ExtMap	10000	50	644,220.45 ns	98.6328	23.4375	-	829552 B
UpdateSet_ExtHashMap	10000	50	213,717.48 ns	104.7363	23.6816	-	876664 B
Iterate_ImmDict	10000	50	172,329.11 ns	-	-	-	-
Iterate_PersistentMap_Standard	10000	50	17,538.70 ns	-	-	-	-
Iterate_ImmSortedDict	10000	50	52,626.12 ns	-	-	-	-
Iterate_ExtMap	10000	50	75,440.14 ns	-	-	-	32 B
Iterate_ExtHashMap	10000	50	176,467.34 ns	20.0195	-	-	168192 B
Iterate_PersistentMap_Unicode	10000	50	17,931.81 ns	-	-	-	-
Remove_ImmDict	10000	50	420,385.25 ns	102.5391	26.3672	-	858432 B
Remove_PersistentMap_Standard	10000	50	417,831.54 ns	302.2461	113.7695	-	2530816 B
Remove_PersistentMap_Unicode	10000	50	488,933.92 ns	363.2813	158.2031	-	3042816 B
Remove_TransientMap_Standard	10000	50	215,079.21 ns	37.1094	13.4277	-	310504 B
Remove_TransientMap_Unicode	10000	50	221,947.80 ns	37.3535	13.1836	-	312808 B
Remove_ImmSortedDict	10000	50	607,856.65 ns	77.1484	15.6250	-	651840 B
Remove_ExtMap	10000	50	628,754.81 ns	91.7969	21.4844	-	771256 B
Remove_ExtHashMap	10000	50	203,488.31 ns	104.2480	21.4844	-	873560 B
Build_TransientMap_Standard	100000	8	27,358,697.21 ns	531.2500	406.2500	-	4540216 B
Build_TransientMap_Unicode	100000	8	30,530,320.71 ns	687.5000	593.7500	-	5798728 B
Build_ImmDict	100000	8	90,877,970.56 ns	13166.6667	4500.0000	166.6667	109369973 B
Build_ImmSortedDict	100000	8	116,689,394.37 ns	10000.0000	3800.0000	-	83946432 B
Build_ExtMap	100000	8	117,813,711.80 ns	12400.0000	5600.0000	-	104660688 B
Build_ExtHashMap	100000	8	44,164,471.41 ns	12000.0000	2583.3333	83.3333	99774201 B
Retrieve_ImmDict	100000	8	1,475,338.26 ns	-	-	-	-
Retrieve_PersistentMap_Standard	100000	8	1,774,506.52 ns	-	-	-	-
Retrieve_PersistentMap_Unicode	100000	8	1,336,091.68 ns	-	-	-	-
Retrieve_ImmSortedDict	100000	8	6,136,773.68 ns	-	-	-	-
Retrieve_ExtMap	100000	8	6,552,400.29 ns	-	-	-	-
Retrieve_ExtHashMap	100000	8	1,008,726.75 ns	-	-	-	-
Update_ImmDict	100000	8	7,725,041.14 ns	1265.6250	1070.3125	-	10622656 B
Update_PersistentMap_Standard	100000	8	9,751,403.12 ns	3734.3750	2984.3750	46.8750	30960042 B
Update_PersistentMap_Unicode	100000	8	11,106,373.87 ns	4671.8750	2468.7500	62.5000	38640073 B
Update_TransientMap_Standard	100000	8	3,072,594.67 ns	410.1563	347.6563	-	3458240 B
Update_TransientMap_Unicode	100000	8	2,678,497.53 ns	414.0625	351.5625	-	3487168 B
Update_ImmSortedDict	100000	8	9,958,696.31 ns	953.1250	781.2500	-	8020080 B
Update_ExtMap	100000	8	10,091,372.46 ns	1093.7500	937.5000	-	9246400 B
Update_ExtHashMap	100000	8	3,713,620.94 ns	1269.5313	996.0938	-	10625016 B
UpdateSet_ImmDict	100000	8	8,447,925.20 ns	1343.7500	1062.5000	-	11239232 B
UpdateSet_PersistentMap_Standard	100000	8	10,256,666.84 ns	3750.0000	2609.3750	46.8750	31066796 B
UpdateSet_PersistentMap_Unicode	100000	8	12,170,123.49 ns	4687.5000	2250.0000	62.5000	38809425 B
UpdateSet_TransientMap_Standard	100000	8	3,437,362.03 ns	421.8750	351.5625	-	3545288 B
UpdateSet_TransientMap_Unicode	100000	8	3,401,903.92 ns	433.5938	386.7188	-	3636832 B
UpdateSet_ImmSortedDict	100000	8	11,287,098.80 ns	1015.6250	875.0000	-	8495856 B
UpdateSet_ExtMap	100000	8	11,577,275.47 ns	1218.7500	1015.6250	-	10287328 B
UpdateSet_ExtHashMap	100000	8	3,795,803.13 ns	1285.1563	996.0938	-	10752160 B
Iterate_ImmDict	100000	8	2,176,936.15 ns	-	-	-	192 B
Iterate_PersistentMap_Standard	100000	8	240,376.55 ns	-	-	-	-
Iterate_ImmSortedDict	100000	8	713,292.36 ns	-	-	-	-
Iterate_ExtMap	100000	8	1,041,016.32 ns	-	-	-	32 B
Iterate_ExtHashMap	100000	8	2,609,178.31 ns	277.3438	-	-	2321200 B
Iterate_PersistentMap_Unicode	100000	8	228,758.17 ns	-	-	-	-
Remove_ImmDict	100000	8	7,633,500.34 ns	1281.2500	1070.3125	-	10733056 B
Remove_PersistentMap_Standard	100000	8	10,634,178.02 ns	3718.7500	3093.7500	46.8750	30732714 B
Remove_PersistentMap_Unicode	100000	8	11,815,412.68 ns	4640.6250	2875.0000	62.5000	38412734 B
Remove_TransientMap_Standard	100000	8	3,501,181.09 ns	378.9063	312.5000	-	3197160 B
Remove_TransientMap_Unicode	100000	8	3,113,607.62 ns	382.8125	324.2188	-	3226088 B
Remove_ImmSortedDict	100000	8	10,204,663.55 ns	953.1250	781.2500	-	8031888 B
Remove_ExtMap	100000	8	11,026,369.80 ns	1140.6250	937.5000	-	9630448 B
Remove_ExtHashMap	100000	8	3,801,747.29 ns	1265.6250	937.5000	-	10608872 B
Build_TransientMap_Standard	100000	50	31,414,873.58 ns	500.0000	312.5000	-	4518440 B
Build_TransientMap_Unicode	100000	50	34,272,872.95 ns	666.6667	466.6667	-	5763784 B
Build_ImmDict	100000	50	89,991,315.99 ns	13166.6667	4833.3333	166.6667	109418176 B
Build_ImmSortedDict	100000	50	131,306,574.64 ns	10000.0000	4000.0000	-	83731632 B
Build_ExtMap	100000	50	128,889,148.68 ns	12250.0000	5250.0000	-	104371560 B
Build_ExtHashMap	100000	50	48,924,428.69 ns	11909.0909	2272.7273	-	99798944 B
Retrieve_ImmDict	100000	50	1,789,773.89 ns	-	-	-	-
Retrieve_PersistentMap_Standard	100000	50	2,280,540.33 ns	-	-	-	-
Retrieve_PersistentMap_Unicode	100000	50	1,447,748.76 ns	-	-	-	-
Retrieve_ImmSortedDict	100000	50	7,097,150.11 ns	-	-	-	-
Retrieve_ExtMap	100000	50	7,013,962.09 ns	-	-	-	-
Retrieve_ExtHashMap	100000	50	1,327,343.45 ns	-	-	-	-
Update_ImmDict	100000	50	8,075,323.36 ns	1265.6250	1062.5000	-	10593088 B
Update_PersistentMap_Standard	100000	50	11,441,201.31 ns	3734.3750	3421.8750	46.8750	30960051 B
Update_PersistentMap_Unicode	100000	50	11,646,138.25 ns	4656.2500	2765.6250	46.8750	38640052 B
Update_TransientMap_Standard	100000	50	3,785,331.39 ns	406.2500	347.6563	-	3410592 B
Update_TransientMap_Unicode	100000	50	2,931,528.16 ns	410.1563	343.7500	-	3440288 B
Update_ImmSortedDict	100000	50	11,055,325.40 ns	953.1250	781.2500	-	8012928 B
Update_ExtMap	100000	50	10,703,171.07 ns	1093.7500	906.2500	-	9233632 B
Update_ExtHashMap	100000	50	4,100,682.76 ns	1265.6250	976.5625	-	10623184 B
UpdateSet_ImmDict	100000	50	8,848,378.05 ns	1343.7500	1046.8750	-	11255552 B
UpdateSet_PersistentMap_Standard	100000	50	12,223,495.13 ns	3734.3750	2640.6250	31.2500	31083384 B
UpdateSet_PersistentMap_Unicode	100000	50	12,917,217.90 ns	4687.5000	2437.5000	46.8750	38835954 B
UpdateSet_TransientMap_Standard	100000	50	4,490,436.88 ns	414.0625	343.7500	-	3528320 B
UpdateSet_TransientMap_Unicode	100000	50	3,756,285.03 ns	433.5938	367.1875	-	3630560 B
UpdateSet_ImmSortedDict	100000	50	12,490,770.48 ns	1015.6250	890.6250	-	8501136 B
UpdateSet_ExtMap	100000	50	12,674,840.15 ns	1218.7500	1015.6250	-	10265544 B
UpdateSet_ExtHashMap	100000	50	4,395,939.08 ns	1281.2500	992.1875	-	10756792 B
Iterate_ImmDict	100000	50	2,416,834.88 ns	-	-	-	96 B
Iterate_PersistentMap_Standard	100000	50	214,203.41 ns	-	-	-	-
Iterate_ImmSortedDict	100000	50	712,519.08 ns	-	-	-	-
Iterate_ExtMap	100000	50	1,091,987.30 ns	-	-	-	32 B
Iterate_ExtHashMap	100000	50	2,669,431.61 ns	273.4375	-	-	2314072 B
Iterate_PersistentMap_Unicode	100000	50	211,247.16 ns	-	-	-	-
Remove_ImmDict	100000	50	8,089,556.02 ns	1281.2500	1031.2500	-	10743040 B
Remove_PersistentMap_Standard	100000	50	11,874,296.78 ns	3703.1250	2750.0000	31.2500	30722852 B
Remove_PersistentMap_Unicode	100000	50	11,948,106.52 ns	4625.0000	2859.3750	46.8750	38402877 B
Remove_TransientMap_Standard	100000	50	4,337,489.41 ns	375.0000	304.6875	-	3176264 B
Remove_TransientMap_Unicode	100000	50	3,278,674.84 ns	382.8125	312.5000	-	3205960 B
Remove_ImmSortedDict	100000	50	11,338,022.46 ns	953.1250	781.2500	-	8032656 B
Remove_ExtMap	100000	50	11,912,777.70 ns	1140.6250	921.8750	-	9617232 B
Remove_ExtHashMap	100000	50	4,223,945.68 ns	1265.6250	937.5000	-	10621824 B	#+end_src

Architecture Notes: Key Strategies

NiceBtree uses IKeyStrategy<K> to map generic keys (like string or double) into sortable long prefixes. This achieves two things:

1. Enables AVX512/AVX2 vector instructions to search internal nodes simultaneously.
2. Avoids expensive IComparable<T> interface calls or string.Compare during the initial descent of the tree, only falling back to exact comparisons when refining the search within a leaf.

This means that it will be fast for integers and anything you can pack in 8 bytes. If you use stings with high prefix entropy, this will be very performant. If you don't, it is just another b+tree.